Showing posts with label propagation chamber. Show all posts
Showing posts with label propagation chamber. Show all posts

Saturday, October 4, 2014

Foolproof Method of Germinating Seeds

Today will be a short post, but a useful one, especially for those who, like me, are only just starting to plant out their seeds for Spring.

Usually its better to get this done a few weeks earlier, but I have been busy. I should still get some crops out of these plants, but later in the season.

Germinating Seeds the Fool-Proof Method.

Germinating seeds is pretty easy right? Dig a hole, put the seeds in and water?

Nope!

Well, some seeds are that easy, but for the majority you are going to want to take a few extra precautions to ensure you get the very best germination rates possible.

Lets start by clearing one thing up, it is unlikely you will get 100% germination of all your seeds, whatever method you choose. Some seeds are just duds right out of the packet, whether it be from physical damage while harvesting, or improper storage, or genetic defects- no matter what you do some will simply never germinate.

Some plant types germinate easier than others. Tomatoes, curcubits such as pumkins and cumbers and squash, beetroot, silverbeet, corn... These and many others are great and easy to germinate, and in fact tomatoes and pumkins especially quite readily self seed from your compost heap, and can appear all by themselves in your garden.

Others though, plants such as chillis (especially super-hots) and capsicums, some eggplant and many others are more difficult wanting the correct temperature and moisture levels before they even think about germination.

This germination method is simple, and will germinate almost any type of seed you have.

You Will Need

An electric propagator. You can pick these up at bunnings or your local big hardware store for around $15. You don't need to get an electric one if you really don't want, but they are absolutely great in Canberra, and allow you to get a jump start on the season by starting your seeds in later winter (just don't put your fragile seedlings outside when there is risk of frost or cool temperatures all day (<9o C).

Seed raising mix. Any brand will do.

Perlite. Any brand will do. I have discussed perlite in some of my other posts regarding soil mixes, it is an expended glass formed in volcanoes and can hold water and exchange nutrients for your plants. It is lightweight and allows for extra aeration of your soil, helping prevent it getting too wet and causing root-rot for your plants.

The Method.

Start by adding some seed-raising mixture to a container, and then add an equal amount of perlite. 

Mix this around well. 

Once well combined get some water and add it to the mix, but not too much, about 1-2 cups at a time, and then use your hands to mix it all up. We use our hands so we can tell the dampness of the mixture. Ideally we want it to be about the same dampness of a wrung-out dishcloth. We do NOT want it to be wet. 

Wet soil causes seeds to rot, especially those that take some time to germinate.

We add our water to the seed-raising mixture now to ensure that the mix is evenly moist, and that we don't over-water our seeds.

Seed-raising mix and perlite 1:1
After you have mixed together your perlite and seed-raising mix, find the seeds you wish to germinate. Fill a container with warm water, and drop the seeds into it.

Seeds added to warm-water. Forgive my messy scribblings!
Leave the seeds in the water for about 10 minutes, and in the meantime fill you seed tray that came with the propagator with your seed-raising mixture.

Planting Your Seeds

When planting your seeds into the seed tray it is important to plant to the right depth. Large seeds such as pumpkins produce a large seedling with relatively more energy, that needs to be planted deep. Small seeds such as basil or poppy produce tiny seedlings which will run out of energy and never reach the surface if planted too deep.

As a rule of thumb plant each seed to 1-1.5 the depth of the size of the seed. So if a tomato seed is 1.5-2mm in size, plant it roughly between 2mm-2.5mm deep. For really fine seeds, it is enough to simply sprinkle them on top of the seed raising mix.

Some seeds, such as the curcubits (pumpkins/cucmbers/squash etc) or even seeds such as apple seeds, the seeds are large enough to determine two distinctly different ends. In the case of larger seeds, plant them pointy side up, otherwise the seeding will have to waste energy righting itself in the soil.

After planting, all you have to do now is plug in the propagator and turn it on! Leave all the vents closed until the seedlings emerge. This allows moisture to remain inside the unit.

You shouldn't have to water the seedlings during this time.

And that's it, you are done! Keep and eye out because after your seedlings emerge, you will need to open the vents, or remove the cover to prevent a condition called damping-off, where previously healthy seedlings suddenly die due to too much moisture/humidity.

My propagators with seeds planted and ready to go!
I like to add a timer to all my units set to allow the propagators to come on for a few hours, and then go off for a few hours. By doing this, I hope to prevent the seeds getting overly warm, and to save energy.

I will follow-up with the progress of these seeds over the following weeks, and follow them into the garden to finally yielding crops!

Sunday, September 1, 2013

Raising Seedlings Under Grow Lights and Garlic Update


Garlic Update

The garlic grew all throughout the Canberra winter, and it appears that the hardneck types enjoy the climate more so than the softnecks. The hardneck types are quite large and robust, and the softnecks are wimpy in comparison. The plants have not yet sent up their scape, and are a few months away from harvest. 

It looks like I will have a good number of bulbs in a few months, hopefully enough to last many months!

Growing Nicely

Hardneck vs Softneck Garlic

Raising Seedlings in Canberra's Winter


This year I am growing a number of warm season crops, that require extended periods of warmth to produce, in particular super hot chillis and okra. In order to get the best out of the season I have decided to start these seeds early in an electric propagator under grow lights. I started many of my seedlings in early August, and am continually producing more, as space allows.

To make this process as easy as possible I retrofitted an old cupboard into a seedlings nursery.

An old wardrobe I picked up for $40 and converted into a plant nursery

The Wardrobe When Closed
The wardrobe is particularly useful in our cold winters as it stays between 20-20o C when the ambient temperature is cold, and on a warm day such as today (24o C) the hottest chamber sits at about 30-35o C with the door cracked open. 

I found out the hard way that keeping the door totally closed on a warm day can send temperatures in one of the compartments up to 40o C, and I cooked one or two seedlings in a fiery inferno of death.

Lets take a closer look inside.

Left Hand Chambers

The left hand side has a 250W high pressure sodium lamp with a reflector attached to spread the light.  

The bulb is enclosed in a cool tube, which is ducted to allow cool air to be drawn over the bulb and straight out of the wardrobe, on the right hand side, preventing over heating. This currently works very well, and if anything, the left hand compartment is slightly cool, and I rest some plants on a cardboard box to put them closer to the light for additional heat. I suspect that I could add a 400W bulb without too many heat issues, although as the ambient temperature heats up cooling will become more important. A fan attached to the left hand side of the cool tube is orientated to push air over the cool tube, rather than suck air through.

The fan is powerful enough to suck air from holes drilled in the right hand wall, cooling the right hand chambers as well as the left. The left hand door of the cupboard will drift open if allowed to do its own thing, however the suction is strong enough to keep the door closed as long as the fan is running. On several occasions I have come to find the door has drifted open after the fan goes off, and when it resumes there is no cooling effect in the right hand chambers, and in these cases the temperature has raised to 40o C quite quickly.

This compartment is large enough to hold two medium sized tomato or chilli plants, or one large wide plant. There is approximately 150cm of growing height.

Left Hand Chamber with 250W HPS and Fan Venting Air

Right Hand Chambers

The right hand chambers are split into three compartments; a storage place for the ballast for the HPS as well as all the power boards to operate the heated propagators and compact fluorescent lights, and two growing areas for seedlings and young plants.
The growing areas each have two compact fluorescent growing lights each at 130W, some in a blue-white spectrum, and some in more of a red spectrum. These CFLs produce about 8000 lumens each. These are very bright and leave you with stars in your eyes after looking for too long!

Two Seedling Raising Compartments
Red CFL vs Blue/White CFL

Lights on the Bottom Compartment

In the germinating compartments I have all the seedlings initially started in seed trays on electric heated propagators. I leave the covers on until the first seedling emerges and then remove it. The young seedlings in the above picture are fatalii chillis. 

The top compartment has okra, capsicum, eggplant and tomato seedlings and usually stays at around 30-35oC, the bottom compartment stays slightly cooler at around 25oC (door had been open a while at the time I took this picture so temperature reads a little cooler).

Various Seedlings in a New Larger home 
You can also see throughout the wardrobe I have used reflective silver sheeting and silver tape to maximise the light output from the globes. The sheeting comes on a large roll and is dimpled to prevent the formation of local areas of heat, known as hotspots which can cause heat damage to plants. I attached the reflective sheeting with a combination of glue and reflective tape. 

Light Timers

The lights within the wardrobe are on timers, which leaves the lights on for approximately 18 hours a day, and dark for 6 hours. I have the heated propagators on a seperate timer, with the mats going on for about 2.5 hours and then off for about 1.5 hours. This is because one heating mat was getting too hot and cooking seeds with 24 hour operation.

Timers and Exhaust Ducting

Potting Up Seedlings

I potted up a tray of my seedlings today as I felt they were large enough to be re-homed from the seed-trays they were germinated in. I potted them up in small pots from bunnings, 50c per pot.

When transplanting seedlings it is important to be extremely careful, and to try your best not to disturb the roots if at all possible. These seedlings had not seen natural sunlight before, and had not been hardened off in any way, and in such situations it is important not to leave them sitting in the full sun and wind for hours, as it may do damage to the tender plants.

Before Potting Up

After Potting Up
When potting up or transplanting seedlings it is important to consider the growth habit of each plant as this can affect the way you transplant. For instance the okra in the above photo have a tap root which if damaged will significantly stunt the growth or even kill the plant. Tomatoes on the other hand are much more resilient, and will even sprout new roots from the stem (still be careful though!). 

Tomatoes can actually be planted to just below the depth of the first leaves and this will strengthen the plant as it will develop a more comprehensive root system, sprouting roots all along its stem. Other plants will damp off and rot away if you plant the seedling below the depth where it originally grew. 

The plants above have been placed in a mixture of seed raising mix, bagged compost, perlite and diatomaceous earth. I also water them with a dilute solution of water and seaweed to help with transplant shock.

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